India's first student-built oral history archive on ageing

Vṛddhasaṅkaṭa

Chronicles of Ageing India — An Oral History & Policy Archive
"There was no category for the silence. I chose to allow it."

— Field notes, Bangalore, 2024

15+ Interviews Conducted
5 Policy Briefs
2 States
100+ Hours of Audio
01

What Is Vṛddhasaṅkaṭa?

Vṛddhasaṅkaṭa began as a research question I could not answer from a library. I wanted to understand the economic experience of aging in India—the welfare gaps, the dependency structures, the policy failures. I had read the demographic literature. I had analysed dependency ratios and fiscal projections. What I did not understand was the texture of the experience: what it actually feels like to be elderly in India when the systems designed to protect you speak a language you were never taught.

The gap between a model and the reality it describes is not a technical problem to be solved with better data. It is an epistemological problem.

Across Bangalore and Uttarakhand, I have now sat with fifteen people—recording lives that formal historical records have not preserved. Each conversation has taught me the same lesson from a different angle: that the most important testimony never arrives in response to the best questions. It arrives in the digressions, in the silences, in the eleven minutes a man spends describing a mango tree before mentioning that his children stopped calling.

The project integrates qualitative testimony with demographic data, contextualising each oral history with evidence on care economies, dependency ratios, pension coverage, and welfare architecture. The goal is not to reduce lives to data—it is to prevent data from obscuring lives. Five complete interviews with full audio and transcripts are hosted in this archive. Research and interviews are ongoing.

The name is Sanskrit: vṛddha (elder, one who has grown) + saṅkaṭa (crisis, precarious crossing). It is both a description and a question: what does it mean when a society's relationship to its oldest members constitutes a crisis? And whose crisis is it, precisely?

Founder & Research Lead
Hrishikesh Aiyer
IB Candidate (2027)
The Doon School, Dehradun
HL Economics · HL History · Math AA HL
hrishikeshaiyer1@gmail.com
02

The Archive

Five interviews presented in full, with audio recordings and complete transcriptions. Each documents a distinct experience of ageing in contemporary India. Research and interviews are ongoing—15+ conversations have been conducted to date.

01
Urban Retirement & Economic Insecurity
18 hours · Urban, Middle-Class · Bangalore

Documents economic insecurity in retirement, inflation's impact on fixed incomes, family dynamics under urbanisation, and the social texture of metropolitan isolation in old age. The interview traces how a professional's life collapses into dependence across two decades of structural change.

▶ Access Recording & Transcript
02
Rural Livelihoods & Agricultural Transition
22 hours · Agricultural Community · Uttarakhand

Land ownership conflicts, intergenerational agricultural tensions, the absence of rural pension infrastructure, and healthcare access in geographically remote communities. Provides a detailed account of how agrarian economies fail their elderly population in ways urban welfare frameworks do not capture.

▶ Access Recording & Transcript
03
Gender, Care Work & Invisible Labour
20 hours · Elderly Female Caregiver · Bangalore

A sustained account of gendered care work—its invisibility, its toll, and the systematic exclusion of women caregivers from welfare frameworks designed for formal labour. Documents the way family expectation structures medical decision-making exclusion and constrains personal agency across an entire life.

▶ Access Recording & Transcript
04
Disability, Dignity & Institutional Barriers
19 hours · Multiple Disabilities · Uttarakhand

Testimony on health management under compounding disability, accessibility failures in both physical infrastructure and bureaucratic design, and the specific strategies an elderly person with multiple chronic conditions develops to maintain dignity in systems that do not accommodate him. One of the archive's most detailed accounts of institutional legibility failure.

Audio available on request — contact below
05
Activism, Organising & Intergenerational Justice
21 hours · Elderly Rights Activist · Bangalore

A grassroots organiser's account of forty years of welfare advocacy—the structural failures that make advocacy necessary, the specific policy campaigns she has led, and her understanding of what intergenerational justice requires. Among the archive's most politically sophisticated testimonies.

Audio available on request — contact below
Archive Access & Ethics: All interviews were conducted with full informed written consent. Ethics clearance granted by The Doon School, Dehradun. Recordings and transcripts are available under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 for academic and policy purposes. Direct audio links are provided for interviews 1–3; interviews 4–5 and full transcripts are available on request via hrishikeshaiyer1@gmail.com. The archive documents interviews from a larger body of 15+ conversations conducted across Bangalore and Uttarakhand (2023–ongoing).
03

The Scale of the Crisis

Data on India's ageing population, care infrastructure gaps, and the structural failures the oral histories document from the inside.

319M
Elderly Population by 2050
20% of India's total population—larger than the whole of Europe. The demographic shift is already underway.
158M
Elderly (60+) in 2024–25
Growing at 3% annually—the fastest-growing demographic segment in the country.
78%
Without Any Pension
4 in 5 elderly Indians have no pension coverage. Existing pensions (₹200–500/month) are insufficient for basic subsistence.
70%
Dependent on Family
The majority of elderly depend entirely on unpaid family care—an informal system that is structurally unsustainable as nuclear families grow.
22%
With Health Insurance
Only 1 in 5 elderly has health insurance coverage. 68% are excluded from poverty-targeted schemes despite qualifying conditions.
52%
ADL Limitations
Half face daily living challenges. 54% live with two or more simultaneous chronic diseases. Out-of-pocket hospitalisation costs average ₹31,933.
105:100
Women:Men at Age 60+
Rises to 135:100 at age 80+. The feminisation of ageing creates specific care burdens invisible to welfare architecture.
7%
Report Elder Abuse
Official figures. Primary perpetrators: sons (42%), daughters-in-law (28%). Abuse strongly correlates with illiteracy, low income, chronic illness.
20.3
Old-Age Dependency Ratio (2050)
Up from 9.8 in 2020. The 80+ cohort is the fastest-growing, at a projected 279% increase. Current systems will not hold.

Critical Research Findings

Pension System Collapse
78% of elderly have no pension; 68% excluded from IGNOAPS despite eligibility. Current pension amounts (₹200–500/month) are inadequate even for basic nutrition.
Informal Care Breakdown
70% depend on unpaid family care. Caregivers spend 20+ hours per week; 29% face physical strain, 32% financial strain. System is structurally unsustainable.
Healthcare Access Crisis
22% insured. 54% with 2+ chronic diseases. Out-of-pocket hospitalisation costs average ₹31,933—catastrophic against incomes that are, for many, zero.
Gender Disparity
38% of elderly women have no income vs 27% of men. Higher abuse rates. Disproportionate informal care burden. Welfare architecture was not designed for them.
Scheme Legibility Failure
41% of eligible elderly do not access available schemes. The gap is not design—it is bureaucratic legibility. Systems require a kind of institutional fluency that many beneficiaries do not have.
Demographic Trajectory
By 2050: 319 million elderly (20% of population). Dependency ratio from 9.8 to 20.3. The 80+ cohort growing fastest. Business as usual means collapse.

Data Visualisations

Elderly Population Growth — India 2015–2050
Source: LASI 2021–22, UN Population Projections
Care Provision & ADL Status (2024)
Source: LASI 2021–22 Survey Data
Healthcare Insurance Coverage
Source: LASI Wave-1, Healthcare Utilisation Study 2024
Pension & Financial Security Coverage
Source: Ministry of Social Justice, HelpAge India 2024
Chronic Disease Burden Among Elderly
Source: LASI 2021–22, Ministry of Health
Feminisation of Ageing — Gender Ratio by Age Group
Source: Census 2011, UNFPA Projections
Old-Age Dependency Ratio Projection 2020–2050
Source: UN Population Division, LASI
Scheme Coverage vs. Eligibility Gap
Source: Ministry of Social Justice 2024
Financial Security Status by Gender
Source: HelpAge India 2024
Healthcare Spending as % of Household Income
Source: LASI, Healthcare Utilisation Study 2024
Elderly Population by State — Regional Variation
Source: Census 2011, TGPP 2020
Family Caregiver Burden — Hours & Strain
Source: HelpAge India 2024
04

Evidence-Based Policy Briefs

Five comprehensive briefs grounded in LASI 2021–22 data, HelpAge India research, and oral testimony. Each includes specific implementation pathways, cost-benefit analysis, and recommendations calibrated to India's federal structure. All documents are publicly accessible.

Brief 01
Universal Pension Reform
Evidence gap: 78% without pension; current ₹200–500/month insufficient for basic survival; 68% excluded from IGNOAPS despite eligibility.
Recommended universal old-age pension of ₹2,800/month for all citizens 60+, regardless of income. Reduces poverty-dependent exclusion and addresses the scheme access gap identified in oral testimonies.
↗ Read Brief 01 (Google Docs)
Brief 02
Healthcare Access Expansion
Evidence gap: Only 22% insured; 52% with ADL limitations; out-of-pocket hospitalisation costs catastrophic against incomes that are often zero.
Integrate geriatric care into NPHCE; extend PM-JAY universal coverage to all citizens 60+. Improves access for the 52% facing health barriers; reduces out-of-pocket burden.
↗ Read Brief 02 (Google Drive)
Brief 03
Caregiver Support Systems
Evidence gap: 70% dependent on unpaid family care; caregivers face 29% physical strain, 32% financial strain; labour is invisible and uncompensated.
Social security coverage for informal caregivers; day-care centres in all district blocks; structured caregiver training. Formalises invisible care work and addresses gender inequity.
↗ Read Brief 03 (Google Docs)
Brief 04
Social Participation & Dignity
Evidence gap: Social isolation and intergenerational fracture; limited community engagement structures; invisibility in civic life.
Senior Citizen Associations linked to local governance; intergenerational skill-sharing programmes. Combats isolation and integrates elderly citizens into civic decision-making structures.
↗ Read Brief 04 (Google Drive)
Brief 05
Implementation & Governance Reform
Evidence gap: 41% of eligible elderly do not access available schemes; awareness and delivery failures are structural, not incidental. Scheme legibility requirements exclude those they are designed to serve.
Strengthen Elderline grievance redressal (14567); invest in grassroots scheme translation and awareness; build inter-ministry coordination mechanisms. Target: increase scheme access from 41% to 85%+ through institutional legibility reform.
↗ Read Brief 05 (Google Drive)
On Research Quality: All briefs draw primarily on the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) 2021–22, HelpAge India 2024, Census 2011, and Ministry of Social Justice data. Each is grounded in the oral testimonies gathered for this archive—using the interviews not as illustration but as evidence: testimony that reveals what survey data cannot capture about how policy reaches, or fails to reach, the people it was designed for. Total policy analysis: 100,000+ words.
05

Resources & Data

All materials produced by this archive. Working links open in a new tab. Materials marked "on request" are available by emailing the archive directly.

Oral History (Audio & Transcripts)
Research Methodology
  • Complete Research MethodologyOn Request
  • Ethics & Consent DocumentationOn Request
  • Interview Protocol & Question FrameworkOn Request
  • Data Analysis FrameworkOn Request
  • Citation & Attribution GuideOn Request
Data & Analysis
  • Key Statistics Summary (CSV)On Request
  • Demographic & Structural Data (CSV)On Request
  • Financial & Policy Data (CSV)On Request
  • Health & Gender Data (CSV)On Request
  • Future Projections 2025–2050 (CSV)On Request
  • Policy Cost–Benefit Analysis (CSV)On Request
Access & Licensing: All materials under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Academic researchers and policy organisations may request full datasets, transcripts, and methodology documentation at hrishikeshaiyer1@gmail.com. Commercial use requires explicit permission. All materials are quality-checked and ready for academic citation.
06

Contact & Collaboration

"Vṛddhasaṅkaṭa represents a new model: student-led research connecting oral history, policy analysis, and social justice. We invite researchers, policymakers, civil society organisations, journalists, and community members to engage with these findings."

The archive is actively seeking institutional partnerships with gerontology researchers, public policy organisations, and civil society groups working on elderly welfare in India. If you are conducting research on ageing, informal care economies, or welfare access, and would like to work with the oral history materials or data in this archive, please get in touch.

Media organisations and journalists working on ageing, demographic change, or welfare policy in India are welcome to contact us for data, interview access, or background.

Primary Contact hrishikeshaiyer1@gmail.com
Institutional Affiliation The Doon School, Dehradun, India
Project Status Active — Interviews & Research Ongoing
Geographies Bangalore, Karnataka & Uttarakhand
Collaboration Research partnerships, policy engagement, media
Ethics Cleared by The Doon School Ethics Committee